Debunking Four Common Myths About Induction Heating In Welding Applications
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Induction heating helps address many of the safety, efficiency and quality concerns associated with some other methods for preheating pipe. However, some common misconceptions persist.
Welding preheat procedures
Preheating and stress relieving parts are necessary procedures in many welding applications, but the heating process can sometimes present challenges. Different applications and materials have different requirements, from preheat to post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). In addition, parts range in size and shape, and they may be located in the shop or in the field. These varying factors make it important to choose a heating system that can meet a wide range of heating requirements.
When a welding application requires any type of heat treatment, induction heating is a method that offers many benefits. These include greater consistency in heating, faster time to temperature of the part, ease of use and safety in operation.
However, there are some misconceptions about how and when operations can use induction heating that may hold people back from realizing the improvements that induction can provide.
Basics of induction
Induction heating systems quickly heat conductive metals by inducing current into the part. Induction does not rely on a heating element or flame to transfer heat. Instead, an alternating current passes through the heating device, creating a magnetic field around it. As the magnetic field passes through the conductive workpiece, it creates eddy currents within the part. The resistance of the metal fights against the flow of the eddy currents, generating heat in the part — referred to as Joule heating. The part becomes its own heating element, heating from within, which makes induction very efficient since is loses little heat in the process. In addition to Joule heating, induction generates heat in a second way through magnetic hysteresis losses. The more magnetic the material, the more hysteresis losses will occur, which results in the part heating up easier.
Applications that typically require hours to heat can take minutes by utilizing induction heating and either liquid-cooled, air-cooled and rolling options. Induction heating systems can use various tools to induce heat, depending on the part size and geometry.
Induction heating helps address many of the safety, efficiency and quality concerns associated with some other methods for preheating pipe. However, some common misconceptions persist.
Myth No. 1: Induction can't be used on P91 pipe
Operations can use induction to preheat and stress relieve (through PWHT) P91 and other chrome moly pipe. Welding preheat procedures on these pipes is no different than on any other carbon steel pipes, though it does involve taking care to address the specific challenges of heat-treating the material.
P91 is a type of creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) alloy, which are steels designed to retain strength at extremely high temperatures. While CSEF alloys are designed to maintain strength as the environmental temperature rises, one of the biggest challenges in welding P91 is the material’s sensitivity to heat changes during the welding process. This makes it critical to properly control the temperature before, during and after welding.
When heating a thick piece of pipe, high heat is necessary to get a stabilized temperature throughout the inside of the pipe, and P91 typically has higher temperature requirements during stress relief. For example, with many carbon steels it’s common to require soak temperatures of 1150 to 1250 degrees Fahrenheit; but with many grades of P91 material the necessary soak temperature range typically starts at 1350 degrees and may extend to 1410 degrees F.
Metal heated to a certain point loses its magnetic properties. The temperature level at which this happens, which can vary slightly, is called the Curie point. With many grades of P91 material, the Curie point typically happens around 1380 degrees F, so when the application calls for the material to be heated to 1410 degrees the induction heating process changes. As a result, heating from hysteresis losses goes away, the output parameters of the induction unit will change, and part temperature heating rates may slow down or stall out before it reaches the soak temperature level.
Some corrective actions can overcome the issue. First, proper setup is important and helps ensure the material heats up well. Using proper PWHT insulation for the size pipe being heated and tightly winding the coil turns onto the insulation are important steps to maintain proper coupling distance from the part to the coil.
Second, because output characteristics will change at the Curie point, it’s important to wind an appropriate coil setup for this change. Since heating hysteresis losses go away at the Curie point, Joule heating becomes the only source of adding heat to the part. To ensure reaching the desired soak temperature past the Curie point on larger pipes, consider coil windings that run at lower voltage and current levels. The easiest solution to achieve this is to use a longer cable to get four to eight more turns on the part. A better solution is to wind two coils in parallel, which results in less voltage and better utilization of the current available from the unit.
Lastly, make sure the unit’s kilowatt level is enough to heat the part to the desired soak temperature. For larger parts, you can add a second unit to reach the necessary heat levels. Cable length is not generally an issue that causes limitations in induction heating, but kilowatt range can be. This makes it important to consider the power density necessary to heat the part and the capacity of the unit. It all comes down to how much time the operator has to wait; heating up something extremely large can take a long time when the kilowatt level is not enough for the job.
Myth No. 2: Induction can't be used on plates
While induction is a commonly used method for heat treatment in pipe welding, it offers great flexibility to be used for other part geometries as well, including flat plates. There are various induction coil configurations available, including some that sit on top of a plate and don’t have to be wrapped around the piece. Induction blankets are another option available for use with flat plates.
In induction coil design, a solenoid or helix coil is one that is typically wrapped around the part. A pancake coil — which looks similar in shape to a stovetop heating element — can lay flat on the part and be stretched out to cover a large area.
It’s also important to note that induction coil configurations can be used to heat from one side of the part — and heat the entire part — in flat plate welding applications. So, for example, if the welding operator is working on one side of the plate, the induction coil can heat from the opposite side. This saves time in setup and in moving on to the next part.
Myth No. 3: Induction can't be used with nonferrous metals
This misconception ties back to the earlier discussion about the two types of heat produced by induction: Joule heating and hysteresis heating. Nonferrous metals are not magnetic and therefore have extremely low permeability. Therefore, the hysteresis heating portion of induction is lost with this material, and the process relies strictly on Joule heating. As a result, there must be a stronger magnetic field to achieve heating.
To accomplish this, wind more turns with the solenoid or pancake coil. This produces stronger magnetic fields that will induce enough eddy currents to get full power out of the units. For instance, on a ferrous material an operator might be able to get full power from the system with five to seven coil turns around a pipe. With nonferrous material, it may require 20 turns to get full power from the unit. This may require a longer coil, or the operator may need to run two coils in parallel.
While this may require slightly more setup time, the benefits of induction heating help offset this through faster time to temperature and more consistent heating throughout the part.
In addition, the ability of an induction system to heat ferrous and nonferrous materials results in a greater return on investment, since operations can use it to complete more heating jobs.
Myth No. 4: Induction can't be used in multiple zones
Because induction uses one control zone for heating, it’s a common belief that induction can only heat one joint or zone at a time. However, multiple zone preheating and stress relief with one induction unit is possible.
When completing stress relief on a pipe, it’s important to make sure the temperature is within tolerance (which is typically +/- 25 degrees Fahrenheit in pipe codes) all the way around the pipe. Heating up one side more than the other can cause expansion, which can lead to stress-induced cracking, and there are code requirements aimed at preventing this.
For example, if you need to heat a large pipe to 1300 degrees F, one side of the pipe cannot be 1200 degrees and the other side 1300 degrees. Both need to be within 25 degrees of the 1300 degree setpoint. Fortunately, induction heating supplies equal energy to the entire soak zone if set up properly. Coil placement on the part can compensate for small variances in temperature due to convection currents or environmental conditions. While induction power sources typically have one output, operators can place thermocouples in several locations in the soak zone to control output. Using several control thermocouples will allow the hottest thermocouple to control the output during ramp up, monitor all control thermocouples during the soak, and use the coolest thermocouple to control the ramp down. This does not allow the pipe to exceed maximum temperatures or allow the process to proceed unless all temperatures are within tolerance.
A flexible heating solution
iInduction is a flexible option for many applications and a wide range of part sizes and geometries. Contacting an induction system manufacturer can help answer questions about the needs and requirements for a specific application.
The bottom line is that induction heating is the best choice in many welding applications. It provides significant benefits that include more consistent heating, faster time to temperature and improved safety.
For more information on Induction Heating, visit https://www.millerwelds.com/products/induction-heating-systems.